Early 20th Century Art Movement Interested in Capturing Movement

20 Revolutionary Art Movements That Have Shaped Our Visual History

Looking back through Western history, it's incredible to see how many types of art have made an bear on on society. Past tracing a timeline through different fine art movements, we're able to not only see how mod and gimmicky art has adult, only also how art is a reflection of its time.

For instance, did y'all know that Impressionism was in one case considered an underground, controversial move or that Abstract Expressionism signaled a shift in the art earth from Paris to New York? Like building blocks, from Realism to Lowbrow, these different types of art are interconnected. As the creative pendulum swings, artistic styles are frequently reactions confronting or homages to their predecessors. And by looking dorsum at some of the most of import fine art movements in history, nosotros have a clearer understanding of how famous artists like Van Gogh, Picasso, and Warhol have revolutionized the art world.

These 20 visual fine art movements are central to agreement the different types of fine art that shape modern history.

Italian Renaissance Fine art

From the 14th through 17 century, Italia underwent an unprecedented historic period of enlightenment. Known as the Renaissance—a term derived from the Italian discussion Rinascimento, or "rebirth"—this period saw increased attending to cultural subjects like art and architecture.

Italian Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael constitute inspiration in classical art from Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests like residuum, naturalism, and perspective. In Renaissance-era Italy, this artifact-inspired approach materialized equally humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture.

Artists to Know: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Iconic Artwork: Nascence of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1486), The Concluding Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495 – 1498),Mona Lisa (c. 1503 – 1506),David past Michelangelo (1501 – 1504), The School of Athens past Raphael (1509 – 1511)

Baroque

"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" by Bernini. 1647-1652. Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome

Toward the end of the Renaissance, the Baroque movement emerged in Italy. Like the preceding genre, Baroque art showcased artistic interests in realism and rich color. Unlike Renaissance art and architecture, however, Baroque works also emphasized extravagance.

This opulence is evident in Bizarre painting, sculpture, and architecture. Painters like Caravaggio suggested drama through their treatment of lite and depiction of movement. Sculptors like Bernini accomplished a sense of theatricality through dynamic contours and intricate drapery. And architects across Europe embellished their designs with ornament ranging from intricate carvings to imposing columns.

Artists to Know: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Bernini

Iconic Artwork: The Calling of Saint Matthew past Caravaggio (1599 –1600),The Dark Watch by Rembrandt (1642), The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini (1647 – 1652)

Rococo

Following the extravagance and power of Bizarre fine art came the lighthearted and flirtatious Rococo move, which blossomed in 18th-century France earlier spreading to other European countries. The termRococo derives fromrocaille, a method of ornament using pebbles, seashells, and cement to beautify grottoes and fountains in the Renaissance. During the 1730s, the rocaille decoration inspired scrolling curves in ornamental furniture and interior design. In painting, this decorative mode transferred to a love of whimsical narratives, pastel colors, and fluid forms.

Artists to know: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, François Boucher

Iconic Artwork: The Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1767)

Neoclassicism

Jacques-Louis David, "The Oath of the Horatii," 1784–v (Photograph: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Neoclassicism is an 18th-century art movement based on the ideals of art from Rome and Aboriginal Hellenic republic. Its involvement in simplicity and harmony was partially inspired as a negative reaction to the overly frivolous aesthetic of the decorative Rococo style. The discovery of Roman archaeological cities Pompeii and Herculaneum (in 1738 and 1748, respectively) helped galvanize the spirit of this movement.

Artists to Know: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova

Iconic Artwork: The Oath o the Horatii past Jacques-Louis David (1784–1785),The Decease of Socrates past Jacques-Louis David (1787), Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793), The Grande Odalisque past Ingres (1814)

Romanticism

Eugène Delacroix, "Liberty Leading the People," 1830 (Photograph: Wikimedia Eatables, Public domain)

Romanticism was a cultural movement that emerged around 1780. Until its onset, Neoclassicism dominated 18th-century European art, typified by a focus on classical discipline affair, an involvement in artful austerity, and ideas in line with the Enlightenment, an intellectual, philosophical, and literary movement that placed emphasis on the individual.

Artists like Eugène Delacroixestablish inspiration in their own imaginations. This introspective approach lent itself to an fine art form that predominantly explored the spiritual.

Artists to Know: Joseph Mallord William Turner, Eugène Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya

Iconic Artwork: Wanderer To a higher place the Bounding main of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich (1818), Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830)

Realism

Realism is a genre of art that started in France subsequently the French Revolution of 1848. A clear rejection of Romanticism, the dominant fashion that had come before it, Realist painters focused on scenes of gimmicky people and daily life. What may seem normal now was revolutionary after centuries of painters depicting exotic scenes from mythology and the Bible, or creating portraits of the nobility and clergy.

French artists like Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier, every bit well as international artists similar James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on all social classes in their artwork, giving vocalism to poorer members of gild for the first fourth dimension and depicting social problems stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Photography was also an influence on this type of fine art, pushing painters to produce realistic representations in contest with this new technology.

Artists to Know: Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, James McNeill Whistler

Iconic Artwork:The Gleanerspast Jean-François Millet (1857), The Burying at Ornans by Gustave Courbet (1849 – 1850)

Impressionism

It may be difficult to believe, just this now beloved fine art genre was in one case an outcast visual motion. Breaking from Realism, Impressionist painters moved abroad from realistic representations to employ visible brushstrokes, brilliant colors with piffling mixing, and open compositions to capture the emotion of low-cal and movement. Impressionism started when a group of French artists broke with bookish tradition by painting en plein air—a shocking decision when most mural painters executed their work indoors in a studio.

The original grouping, which included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, was formed in the early on 1860s in France. Boosted artists would bring together in forming their ain guild to showroom their artwork after being rejected by the traditional French salons, who deemed it too controversial to exhibit. This initial underground exhibition, which took place in 1874, immune them to gain public favor.

Artists to Know: Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt

Iconic Artwork: Impression, Sunrise by Monet (1872), Bal du Moulin de la Galette past Renoir (1876), Water Liliesseries by Monet (1890s – 1900s)

Postal service-Impressionism

Again originating from France, this type of art adult between 1886 and 1905 as a response to the Impressionist movement. This time, artists reacted confronting the need for the naturalistic depictions of low-cal and colour in Impressionist art. As opposed to earlier styles, Post-Impressionism covers many different types of art, from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism of Paul Gauguin.

Not unified by a single style, artists were united by the inclusion of abstruse elements and symbolic content in their artwork. Perhaps the nigh well-known Postal service-Impressionist is Vincent van Gogh, who used colour and his brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the landscape, only his own emotions and state of heed.

Artists to Know: Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard

Iconic Artwork: A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat (1884 – 1886), The Starry Nightby Vincent van Gogh (1889), The Yellow Christ by Paul Gauguin (1891)

Art Nouveau

At the end of the 19th century, a motion of "new fine art" swept through Europe. Characterized by an interest in stylistically reinterpreting the beauty of nature, artists from across the continent adopted and adapted this advanced style. As a event, it materialized in sub-movements likethe Vienna Secession in Austria,Modernisme in Spain, and, most prominently,Art Nouveau in French republic.

The French Art Nouveau style was embraced past artists working in a range of mediums. In improver to the fine arts, like painting and sculpture, it featured heavily in architecture and decorative arts of the flow. Even so, perhaps its most enduring legacy can exist plant in the affiche—a commercial craft that Czech artist Alphonse Mucha helped elevate as a mod art class.

Artists to Know: Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt

Iconic Artwork: The 4 Seasons by Alphonse Mucha, The Kiss by Gustav Klimt

Cubism

Pablo Picasso, "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon," 1907 (Photo: Wikimedia Eatables, Fair Use)

A truly revolutionary style of art, Cubism is one of the nigh important art movements of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed Cubism in the early 1900s, with the term being coined by fine art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe the artists. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the 2 men—joined by other artists—would apply geometric forms to build up the final representation. Completely breaking with whatsoever previous art movement, objects were analyzed and broken apart, only to exist reassembled into an abstracted form.

This reduction of images to minimal lines and shapes was part of the Cubist quest for simplification. The minimalist outlook also trickled down into the color palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using limited hues for a flattened appearance. This was a clear break from the use of perspective, which has been the standard since the Renaissance. Cubism opened the doors for subsequently art movements, like Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, past throwing out the prescribed artist'southward rulebook.

Artists to Know: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris

Iconic Artwork:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon past Pablo Picasso (1907)

Futurism

Giacomo Balla, "Dynamism of a Canis familiaris on a Leash," 1912 (Photo: Wikimedia Eatables, Public domain)

Fascinated by new manufacture and thrilled by what lay ahead, the early on 20th-centuryFuturists carved out a place in history. Growing out of Italia, these artists worked as painters, sculptors, graphic designers, musicians, architects, and industrial designers. Equally the early on manifesto did not directly address the creative output of Futurism, it took some time before in that location was a cohesive visual. A hallmark of Futurist fine art is the depiction of speed and movement. In particular, they adhered to principles of "universal dynamism," which meant that no single object is split up from its background or another object.

This is all-time exemplified in Giacomo Balla'sDynamism of a Dog on a Leash, where the motion of walking the domestic dog is shown through the multiplying of the domestic dog'due south anxiety, leash, and owner'southward legs.

Artists to Know: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni

Iconic Artwork: Dynamism of a Domestic dog on a Leash by Giacomo Balla (1912), Unique Forms of Continuity in Space past Umberto Boccioni (1913)

Dada

Dada was a 20th-century avant-garde fine art movement (often referred to as an "anti-fine art" motility) born out of the tumultuous societal landscape and turmoil of WWI. It began equally a vehement reaction and defection against the horrors of state of war and the hypocrisy and follies of bourgeois society that had led to it. In a subversion of all aspects of Western civilization (including its art), the ideals of Dada rejected all logic, reason, rationality, and order—all considered pillars of an evolved and advanced gild since the days of the Enlightenment.

Artists to Know: Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Tristan Tzara

Iconic Artwork: Fountain by Marcel Duchamp (1917)

Bauhaus

Affiche for the Bauhaus motility by Joos Schmidt, 1923 (Photo: Wikimedia Eatables, Public domain)

Ranging from paintings and graphics to compages and interiors,Bauhaus art dominated many outlets of experimental European art throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Though information technology is most closely associated with Federal republic of germany, it attracted and inspired artists of all backgrounds. Bauhaus—literally translated to "construction house"—originated as a German schoolhouse of the arts in the early 20th century. Founded by Walter Gropius, the schoolhouse eventually morphed into its own modern art movement characterized past its unique approach to compages and design.

Artists to Know: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Joost Schmidt, Marcel Breur

Iconic Artwork: Yellow-Ruby-red-Blueish past Wassily Kandinsky (1925), Wassily Chair by Marcel Breur (1925)

Art Deco

Art Deco is a modernist motility that emerged in 1920s Europe. While many different aesthetics compose the movement—including different color palettes and a range of materials, from ebony and ivory to wood and plastic—it is most frequently characterized by streamlined, geometric forms assorted past rich ornamentation and linear ornament.

Paintings produced in the Art Deco way typically feature bold forms and busy compositions. Some, like those by Polish-born painter Tamara de Lempicka, describe dynamic portraits of stylish subjects. Typically, these figures are dressed in brilliant colors and set in abstracted metropolitan locations.

Artists to Know: Tamara de Lempicka

Iconic Artwork: Tamara in a Greenish Bugatti by Tamara de Lempicka (1929)

Surrealism

"The Persistence of Retentivity" by Salvador Dalí. 1931. MoMA, New York.

A precise definition of Surrealism can be difficult to grasp, only it's clear that this one time avant-garde movement has staying ability, remaining one of the well-nigh approachable art genres, fifty-fifty today. Imaginative imagery spurred past the subconscious is a authentication of this type of art, which started in the 1920s. The movement began when a group of visual artists adopted automatism, a technique that relied on the hidden for creativity.

Tapping into the entreatment for artists to liberate themselves from restriction and have on full creative freedom, Surrealists frequently challenged perceptions and reality in their artwork. Role of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic painting style with unconventional, and unrealistic, bailiwick matters.

Artists to Know: Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte

Iconic Artwork: The Treachery of Images by René Magritte (1929), The Persistence of Memorypast Salvador Dalí (1931)

Abstract Expressionism

"Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)" by Jackson Pollock. 1950. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Abstract Expressionism is an American fine art motion—the start to explode on an international scale—that started later World State of war 2. It solidified New York every bit the new center of the fine art world, which had traditionally been based in Paris. The genre developed in the 1940s and 1950s, though the term was also used to draw work by earlier artists like Wassily Kandinsky. This style of art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and injects information technology with the nighttime mood of trauma that lingered post-War.

Jackson Pollock is a leader of the movement, with his baste paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation and gestural paint application that defines the genre. The term "Abstruse Expressionism," though closely married to Pollock's work, isn't limited to one specific fashion. Piece of work as varied as Willem de Kooning'due south figurative paintings and Marking Rothko's color fields are grouped under the umbrella of Abstract Expressionism.

Artists to Know: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Still, Marking Rothko

Iconic Artwork:Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)by Jackson Pollock

Pop Fine art

Ascent upwardly in the 1950s, Pop Fine art is a pivotal move that heralds the onset of gimmicky art. This post-state of war style emerged in Britain and America, including imagery from advertizing, comic books, and everyday objects. Often satirical, Pop Fine art emphasized banal elements of common goods and is often thought of as a reaction against the hidden elements of Abstract Expressionism.

Roy Lichtenstein's bold, vibrant work is an excellent instance of how parody and pop culture merged with art to make accessible fine art. Andy Warhol, the most famous of the Popular Fine art figures, helped push the revolutionary concept of fine art as mass production, creating numerous silkscreen series of his popular works.

Artists to Know: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns

Iconic Artwork:Campbell'due south Soup Cans past Andy Warhol (1962)

Installation Art

"The Souls of Millions of Light Years Abroad" by Yayoi Kusama

In the middle of the 20th century, avant-garde artists in America and Europe began producing Installation Art. Installations are iii-dimensional constructions that play with infinite to interactively engage viewers. Frequently large-scale and site-specific, these works of art transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor locations into immersive environments.

Inspired by Marcel Duchamp'due south DadaistReadymades—a series of constitute objects contextualized equally sculptures— this important genre was pioneered by modern masters similar Yayoi Kusama and Louise Bourgeois. Today, contemporary artists keep his practice alive, crafting experimental installations from mediums like string, paper, and flowers.

Artists to Know: Yayoi Kusama, Louise Conservative, Damien Hirst

Iconic Artwork:Mirror Rooms by Yayoi Kusama

Kinetic Art

"Rouge Triomphant (Triumphant Red)" past Alexander Calder. 1959–1965.

The seemingly contemporary art movement actually has its roots in Impressionism, when artists outset began attempting to limited movement in their art. In the early 1900s, artists began to experiment further with art in motion, with sculptural machine and mobiles pushing kinetic fine art forward. Russian artists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko were the first creators of sculptural mobiles, something that would later be perfected by Alexander Calder.

In contemporary terms, kinetic art encompasses sculptures and installations that have movement equally their main consideration. American artist Anthony Howe is a leading effigy in the contemporary movement, using computer-aided blueprint for his big-calibration wind-driven sculptures.

Artists to Know: Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Anthony Howe

Iconic Artwork: Arc of Petalspast Alexander Calder

Photorealism

"Untitled" past Yigal Ozeri. 2012.

Photorealism is a mode of art that is concerned with the technical ability to wow viewers. Primarily an American art movement, it gained momentum in the late 1960s and 1970s as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism. Here, artists were most concerned with replicating a photograph to the all-time of their power, carefully planning out their work to cracking effect and eschewing the spontaneity that is the authentication of Abstract Expressionism. Similar to Popular Art, Photorealism is ofttimes focused on imagery related to consumer civilisation.

Early Photorealism was steeped in nostalgia for the American landscape, while more recently, photorealistic portraits take become a more than common subject. Hyperrealism is an advancement of the artistic style, where painting and sculpture are executed in a manner to provoke a superior emotional response and to make it at higher levels of realism due to technical developments. A common thread is that all works must offset with a photographic reference point.

Artists to Know: Chuck Close, Ralph Going, Yigal Ozeri

Iconic Artwork: Untitledby Yigal Ozeri

Lowbrow

Lowbrow, as well chosen pop surrealism, is an art motility that grew out of an underground California scene in the 1970s. Traditionally excluded from the fine fine art globe, lowbrow art moves from painted artworks to toys, digital art, and sculpture. The genre also has its roots in hush-hush comix, punk music, and surf culture, with artists non seeking acceptance from mainstream galleries. Past mixing surrealism imagery with pop colors or figures, artists achieve dreamlike results that often play on erotic or satirical themes. The ascent of magazines similar Juxtapoz and Hi-Fructose take given lowbrow artists a forum to display their piece of work outside of mainstream contemporary art media.

Artists to Know: Marker Ryden, Ray Caesar, Audrey Kawasaki

Iconic Artwork:Incarnationby Marking Ryden

This article has been edited and updated.

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